Project A5

Piezotronic Magnetoelectric Sensors

Project A5 employs piezotronics for improving the ME sensors. Preliminary work shows the suitability of various ME sensor types for the piezotronic concept, including ZnO, AlN, and PZT. The well-known piezotronic material from literature, ZnO, will be utilized to investigate the effect of morphology, doping, defects, crystal quality, interfaces, as well as the local stress distribution behavior. Using FFT impedance spectroscopy, will help with understanding the details of the electrical and electronic properties in the Schottky and ohmic contacts. Besides fundamental understanding of piezotronics for ME sensors, an increase in the limit of detection (LoD) by three orders of magnitude is expected as indicated by preliminary work..

Role within the Collaborative Research Centre

In principle, the piezotronic approach is transferable to many different sensor types. This potential will be elucidated with the other groups listed below. Due to the difference in noise sources and sensor layout, further modeling and characterization in conjunction with other groups is required. Especially the ZnO model system makes a detailed understanding of the role of defects and stress distribution on the piezotronic features possible and will be explored in operando in TEM and synchrotron x-ray experiments to gain fundamental understanding of underlying principles. The impedance spectroscopy will be provided as a service to all projects that need a specification of dielectric films.

This project is part of the focus groups F1 “Modeling” and F2 “Sensor Concepts”.

A3:	The result of the piezotronic investigations using AlN and PZT will be used as feedback to improve the piezotronic effect in different devices.
A4:	Adoption of the piezotronic approach to a ΔE readout.
A6:	The characterization of the in situ micro-structural changes will be performed in close collaboration with TEM and synchrotron x-ray experiments. Push-to-pull devices will be customized to enable the measurement of strained piezoelectric materials in TEM and synchrotron x-ray analyses.
A8:	Exchange of finite element method calculations of mechanical deformations.
B1:	Exchange of modeling of noise behavior of the piezotronic sensor systems and associated electronics.
B7:	Supplying various ZnO networks as templates for cell experiments.
Z1:	MEMS AlN layers for piezotronic based sensors.
Z2:	High-quality, low-noise sensor measurements.

Project-related Publications

P. Jordt, S.B. Hrkac, J. Gröttrup, A. Davydok, C. Krywka, N. Wolff, L. Kienle, R. Adelung, O.M. Magnussen, B.M. Murphy, Local Strain Distribution in ZnO Microstructures Visualized with Scanning Nano X-Ray Diffraction and Impact on Electrical Properties, Advanced Engineering Materials. n/a (n.d.) 2100201. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.202100201

M. Mintken, M. Schweichel, S. Schröder, S. Kaps, J. Carstensen, Y. K. Mishra, T. Strunskus, F. Faupel and R. Adelung. Nanogenerator and piezotronic inspired concepts for energy efficient magnetic field sensors. Nano Energy 56, 420 (2019). DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.11.031

Y. K. Mishra, R. Adelung, ZnO tetrapod materials for functional applications. Materials Today, 21, 6, 631-651 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2017.11.003

I. Paulowicz, V. Postica, O. Lupan, N. Wolff, S. Shree, A. Cojocaru, M. Deng, Y. K. Mishra, I. Tiginyanu, L. Kienle, R. Adelung, Zinc oxide nanotetrapods with four different arm morphologies for versatile nanosensors. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 262, 425-435 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2018.01.206

D. Smazna, J. Rodrigues, S. Shree, V. Postica, G. Neubüser, A. F. Martins, N. B. Sedrine, N. K. Jena, Le. Siebert, F. Schütt, O. Lupan, R. Ahuja, M. R. Correia, T. Monteiro, L. Kienle, Y. Yang, R. Adelung, Y. K. Mishra, Buckminsterfullerene hybridized zinc oxide tetrapods: defects and charge transfer induced optical and electrical response. Nanoscale 10, 21, 10050-10062 (2018). DOI: 10.1039/C8NA00391B

O. Lupan, N. Wolff, V. Postica, T. Braniste, I. Paulowicz, V. Hrkac, Y. K. Mishra, I. Tiginyanu, L. Kienle, R. Adelung, Properties of a single SnO2:Zn2SnO4 - Functionalized nanowire based nanosensor. Ceramics International 44, 4859-4867 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.12.075

M. Hoppe, O. Lupan, V. Postica, N. Wolff, V. Duppel, L. Kienle, I. Tiginyanu, R. Adelung, ZnAl2O4-Functionalized Zinc Oxide Microstructures for Highly Selective Hydrogen Gas Sensing Applications. Physica Status Solidi. A. 215, 7 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.201700772

O. Lupan, V. Postica, R. Adelung, F. Labat, I. Ciofini, U. Schürmann, L. Kienle, L. Chow, B. Viana, T. Pauporté, Functionalized Pd/ZnO Nanowires for Nanosensors. Physica Status Solidi (RRL) 12, 1 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/pssr.201700321

S. B. Hrkac, C. T. Koops, M. Abes, C. Krywka, M. Müller, M. Burghammer, M. Sztucki, T. Dane, Kaps, Y. K. Mishra,R. Adelung, J. Schmalz, M. Gerken, E. Lage, C. Kirchhof, E. Quandt, O. M. Magnussen, B. M. Murphy, Tunable Strain in Magnetoelectric ZnO Microrod Composite Interfaces. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 9 (30), pp 25571–25577 (2017). DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15598

S. Kaps, S. Bhowmick, J. Gröttrup, V. Hrkac, D. Stauffer, H. Guo, O. L. Warren, J. Adam, L. Kienle, A. M. Minor, R. Adelung, Y. K. Mishra, Piezoresistive Response of Quasi-One-Dimensional ZnO Nanowires Using an in Situ Electromechanical Device. Acs Omega, 2(6), 2985-2993 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.7b00041

O. Lupan, V. Postica, J. Gröttrup, A. K. Mishra, N. H. de Leeuw, R. Adelung, Enhanced UV and ethanol vapour sensing of a single 3-D ZnO tetrapod alloyed with Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles. Sensors & Actuators: B. Chemical, Vol. 245, 448-461 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2017.01.107

J. Gröttrup, V. Postica, N. Ababii, O. Lupan, C. Zamponi, D. Meyners, Y. K. Mishra, V. Sontea, I. Tiginyanu, R. Adelung, Size-dependent UV and gas sensing response of individual Fe₂O₃-ZnO:Fe micro- and nanowire based devices. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 701, 920-925 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.12.346

O. Lupan, V. Postica, J. Gröttrup, A. K. Mishra, N. H. de Leeuw, J. F. C. Carreira, J. Rodrigues, N. Ben Sedrine, M. R. Correia, T. Monteiro, V. Cretu, I. Tiginyanu, D. Smazna, Y. K. Mishra, R. Adelung, Hybridization of Zinc Oxide Tetrapods for Selective Gas Sensing Applications. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 9 (4), 4084-4099 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b11337

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Project A5

Piezotronic Magnetoelectric Sensors

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Role within the Collaborative Research Centre

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